The current state of architectural design incorporates many contemporary ideas of what defines the unique geometry. With the advent of strong software in the early 21st century, a level expected of the experiment has exceeded our profession and our academic realms to explore the architecture reflected by various techniques, offering significant buildings, each having a message of relevance cultural.
These new movements are not distinct stylistic trends, but the ways of approaching design concept. They often combine with each other or with stylistic movements, to create complete drawings. Described in this trial are five movements, each with varying degrees of success by creating motivating buildings ranging: Diagramism Neo-Brutalism Revitism , Scriptism and Subdivisionism .
It is understood that there are many others not mentioned here competing architectural movements, most of those attributable as stylistic in nature. These movements contain either minimalist décor, or a sculptural approach to design, where design is applied manually by aesthetic decisions. These styles are not their objective to identify to create an architecture that is more responsive and adaptive to the user, site, context, environment, etc.
PART: GEOMETRIC SHAPE
Diagramism
In the last decade, the architects have acquired the ability to create virtually any shape via the progress of the software, but they still aspire to create meaning with their designs. These two forces have combined to create Diagramism. Architects seeking designs reflected by this movement take: (1) the major ideas derived specific strengths, constraints and attributes of a particular project, such as traffic or view corridors vehicles; (2) create diagrams to show how design can potentially benefit from this condition; and (3) literally use the diagram to form a 3-D shape. BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group) is the leader in this movement, and MVRDV and Qingyun Ma MADA s.p.a.m.
The ideas are so strong that the projects can be iconized. Diagrams are usually in black and white or color, representing the guiding principles of the shape of the resulting building. The home page of BIG plays tribute to this idea of deliberately simplified form, as the highest idea of each project manifests as a project icon.
There is a considered process of editing, or peeling, resulting in pure ideas. The ideas that focus generally are not abstract or poetic in nature, they are pragmatic. A ski slope above an energy plant is exactly that. A building of the court that maximizes outdoor terraces literally tilted perspective, almost pyramidal. The installation of the design idea is so evident in the resulting shape, the building as a whole expresses the meaning and purpose. Ideas can filter down (or up) at multiple scales, yet giving meaning to the elements of a structure. It can simplify the design decision making by having rules and coherent objectives in the design.
Behind the scenes, these architects lead many simultaneous or sequential diagrams related context of ideas, environment, economy, zoning flow diagrams are often used to establish forms of construction. It is for the designer to create the hierarchy of forces that help lead to the design of deliberate building. The resulting form itself becomes operational objectives for the architect.
The notion of expressing the purpose of a building is not necessarily new. But, as mentioned, our ability to easily represent these ideas figuratively is recent. It's Guggenheim Museum can Frank Lloyd Wright in New York is an early example of Diagramism: the building's spiral shape expresses the function of the ramp continues, based on an orthogonal podium base helping to define the resulting form in context. Regarding the previous design movements, Diagramism often differs considerably from functionalism, where static idea of the program defines a shape rather than focus on the strengths Diagramism experiential and dynamic as the shape of a building can solve.
Neo-Brutalism
An Diagramism ideological cousin, Neo-Brutalism also strong schematic geometries represented as. The champions of this movement were educated and raised when Brutalism was king in academia in the 70s, including Norman Foster, Santiago Calatrava and Renzo Piano. Set Brutalism is not part of this test, but a summary is as follows. Architects and planners felt almighty to solve people's behavior. Instead of examining the patterns of behavior and existing movements, and allowing design to the result after such human analysis, Architects tried to predict the crop. Modularity has been used with pure geometric forms, and the buildings were designed as behavior devices.
What Neo-Brutalism is singularly different from original Brutalism, is to employ the use of glass and the steel instead of concrete. By gradually changing the palette of materials, this technique professes a more open architecture. However, the architecture is defined on the movement and use of space, and not only transparency of the material. provisions that do not allow for adaptability or resulting geometries, owe much to their cousins 40 years ago that their smart use of technology and modern equipment would lead you to believe prescribed.
Thus, what distinguishes Diagramism Neo-Brutalism is whether the idea of the object transcends research in the project, whether the design is "resulting. " If geometry is forced on the project or is too heavy, it is considered rude. Moreover, the Brutalist forms are generally simpler, purer forms, emphasize the idea that geometry is imposed on users again. Besides recent Yale School of Norman Foster of the management building, photo, another example could be new campus "ring." 'Ruthless Apple Open analysis of Apple's program could develop an understanding of the ingenuity, the difference, and innovative thinking. However, the building shows the most purely top-down theory of constraints force. A circle is a locked geometry.
OMA is a company that employs a fluid use of both Diagramism and neo-brutalism, switching seamlessly between the resulting geometries and forms that do not respond. For the times when the work of OMA approaches Diagramism, an adaptation result could be the library of Seattle, where distinct programmatic pieces are stacked in sequential table. In addition, more diagrammist would IIT Student Center, where form is literally translated from a survey of the acoustic noise control the elevated train. Among the case OMA approaches Neo-Brutalism, a recent example could be the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, but much of their previous work also contains what could be considered geometric shapes oppressive.
PART II: CALCULATION
the final three movements are usually encapsulated by the term Parametricism. But Parametricism is not so much an architectural movement as it is a concept of calculation. The computer is now able to connect the components in our designs so that the geometries are created technologically intelligent. This does not necessarily mean the resulting shape is smart. Many buildings that are pulled by a parametric software are not inherently goal, and are really accidents paternal software. However, there are many ways in which architects are adding intelligence in the world built using these tools, and those listed here.
Revitism
First, Parametric architecture less benevolent. I do not think anyone has yet to define the design movement that characterizes the majority of current commercial construction. It is the result of the software to design the building in which most design decisions are made randomly in the second half of the production of drawings. More important than the art of creating the building, the new process of creating the "Revit Model," has become the main operation. Project managers or BIM managers are now responsible for the implementation of software rather than the creators of the built world. This is an important distinction: never has the production of construction documents was on the documents themselves. The largest architectural firms such as Perkins and Will, HOK, and Cannon Design, are usually guilty of this design "technical".
After the usually quick steps of the design concept, projects are rushed into Revit during design development. Managers spend most of their time to determine the hierarchical tree "groups" component and "families". Drafting became pierced on how to code these elements. A draftsperson can spend much time on design elements and sub-elements of a component, they can miss entire relationship to the whole building. A surface that is elegant and useful in the design concept, is reassigned as a "curtain wall" or as "cement fiberboard." Too often, picking the width or the detail of a window mullion system becomes a multiple choice details of existing manufacturer, not a discussion of the impact of this detail on the overall concepts. Much significance is lost in this translation, often bypassing the design intent as a policy decision. what results are buildings where you can clearly see the components and their intellectual separation from each other.
examples of Revitism are ubiquitous in our environment, including most of the buildings of the hospital and education built in the last decade. Often, contemporary buildings are purely Revitist, with nothing but the materiality of the objective element. Although the program will certainly reside in the building that results, the overall shape of the building is ignorant and does not respond to natural human occupation, movement, or comfort. This basic design movement is so pervasive, it has become its own aesthetic style, where the bonding material application is the contribution principle of design - whether it is produced parametrically.
Scriptism
Also known as "design calculation," there are large amounts of research and publication in this field. Scriptism integrates what is generally regarded as computational modeling, particularly through software like Grasshopper or parent. variated surfaces, component design with influencers, etc., are the types of Scriptist operations. These different uses are often deliberate, and can create an architecture that responds to stimuli such as sunlight, wind, view the program, context, etc.
We must be careful when to assume if a Scriptist model is useful. Some good examples of analyzes that result include the study of biological forces or using statistics to generate geometry. With time and further research, designers can maximize the potential of these discoveries. Although these explorations remain mostly academics, relegated to smaller scales such as building facilities or building facades, the ability to translate that research into effective building is bright.
Another potential Scriptism is to add multiple levels of detail that architects have otherwise been too shy to use. Many theorists conceive that we both live in and interpret a fractal world, and a great built environment should emulate the models of the natural world. The software has a unique ability to both measure and deploy fractal geometries to make buildings that are more readable, sensitive, relatable, and comfortable. It would be a return to historical conception of architectural texture. Scriptism is unique in its ability to connect these different scales of design in a consistent and harmonious way, creating an orchestrated hierarchy.
Subdivisionism
Subdivisionism is a design category often described as either "rounded", curvaceous or aerodynamics. Most examples of this type of architecture are well-intentioned, and use an analytical knowledge of traffic, the environment, or a program to produce sensitive geometries -. often combining with Diagramist principles
Often these reference geometry movement, and create futuristic shapes that are fluid and elegant. Zaha Hadid is one of the most renowned designers in the field. A similar approach to the design can be seen in the work of architects such as Jurgen Mayer H and companies such as MAD Architects and UNStudio.
The name comes from the subdivision modeling technique. A brief summary for those who have not used Maya or similar software: (1) All forms in 3 dimensions are defined by vertices. For example, a simple cube is defined by eight points (vertices) in the X, Y, and Z (2) Each of these surfaces can be further divided, or divided. Say we have added 4 more summits to create a new map between two surfaces of the existing cube. Now there are two cubes connected seamless. (3) Each vertex can be handled in one of three axes, which creates complex geometries and complex surfaces which are both concave and convex. (4) The software calculates the new complex form and visually represent as either curved or triangular. (This is a simplistic explanation, but that is the gist.)
The software itself is borrowed in the areas of animation and industrial design. A variant of this type of modeling with a similar result can be conducted with the Rhino NURBS program where the control points "affect" the curve of a line, and several curves together to define a corrugated surface. The construction industry has now digitized factories that can create full sized versions of these surfaces and triangular or double-curved components, using 3 or 5 axis mills, and other techniques. The advent of 3D printing will certainly contribute to possibilities Subdivisionism.
The resulting shapes are sinuous forms and allow to melt into each other. Sometimes luscious forms are simpler, using the simplest techniques is "extrusion" or "net". But as long as these forms contain motivating geometries, the resulting building will obviously useful and navigable.
parametric Posers - Designs Masquerading as Intelligent
Copycat architects see the amazing forms activated by the movements listed in this test, but do not focus on deploying their use by the analysis. These are designs that use certain visual languages addressed without primary purpose. As architects, we must be aware that all appearances are not equal. Just because the architects may angle of a roof or a curved wall, does not in itself mean that we should. It often leads to uncomfortable, discordant geometries.
CONCLUSION
The most important objectives for a project should always be the starting point of a design investigation. architectural design of the movements discussed - hybridized or separated - all relate to the creation of a world built more intelligent. Targeted architecture should incorporate flexibility of the program, accommodation of the environment and contextualization in the urban fabric. Buildings should be relatable to the average person, be consistent with the ideas, and be inherently performative.
Do not judge a building on its uniqueness, or departure from the past, although these can be good qualities. Let us evaluate a building on the effectiveness of the form and use of reference materials in the context and human occupation; more targeted architecture.
Michael Wacht is director IntuArch, a Los Angeles architectural firm established to create effective models that result from cultivating the most important goals of a project. Before founding his own company, he was director of the Los Angeles studio for s.p.a.m. MADA based Shanghai, apprentice under Qingyun Ma, dean of USC School of Architecture. Visit IntuArch on their website, or follow Michael on Twitter @intuarch.
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